Dissecting the Phenotypic Regulation Characteristics of Lodging Resistance in Dry Direct Seeding Rice: Insights from Stem Mechanics and Structural Traits

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Abstract
Lodging is a major constraint limiting grain yield in dry direct seeding rice (DDSR), yet the key traits and phenotypic relationships governing lodging resistance in japonica varieties adapted to this system remain poorly understood. This study evaluated 79 japonica accessions over two years in Shenyang, Northeast China, to dissect phenotypic variation in lodging index and identify ideotypes for breeding. Based on hierarchical clustering, varieties were classified into strong lodging resistance (SLR), medium lodging resistance (MLR), and weak lodging resistance (WLR) types, with SLR varieties achieving lodging indices 27.4–31.8% lower than those of MLR and 63.2–83.8% lower than those of WLR varieties. SLR varieties reduced lodging risk by coordinately balancing whole-plant bending moment and stem breaking resistance: plant height and center-of-gravity height were 5.2–10.7% lower, while basal internode bending stress was 27.9–81.9% higher than in other types. Structural equation modeling identified culm dry weight, inner diameter, and culm phenotype index as primary determinants of lodging variation. Notably, despite 11.0–13.7% fewer spikelets per panicle, SLR varieties maintained grain yields comparable to those of WLR varieties through compensatory increases in grain-filling rate (6.7–7.3%) and 1000-grain weight (8.1–8.7%). These findings demonstrate that optimizing basal internode structure and enhancing culm tissue density can simultaneously improve lodging resistance and preserve yield potential, providing a practical framework for breeding lodging-resistant, high-yielding japonica varieties for DDSR systems in Northeast China.
Funding Information
  • Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China (2025KYPT0158)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFD1201004)
  • Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-01)
  • Rice International Joint Breeding Laboratory (2026LHSYS01)

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