On a review of the various facts and considerations discussed in the preceding pages, it seems clear that the Mammalian fauna of the Fluvio-marine Crag is of a Pliocene age. The undoubted association of M. ( Tetraloph. ) Arvernensis and of E. ( Loxodon ) meridionalis in this deposit admits of no other inference. The mixed contents of the Red Crag, including mammalian remains of different strata from the Eocene period upwards, are inferred to have been deposited in the reconstructed strata also within the Pliocene period, since M. ( Tetraloph ) Arvernensis , which occurs so abundantly in the Red Crag, has not been met with anywhere on the Continent of Europe except in deposits of a Pliocene age. The Red Crag sea appears to have breached a previously established and populated Pliocene land, and to have buried the bones referable to various epochs in the same sea-bottom.