Are low-cost, low-tech solutions adequate for small capacity EU III motorcycles?

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Abstract
More and more stringent emission legislation is implemented in the world wide market of motorcycles leading to higher product costs. But not every market is ready for high technological levels. Therefore the main topic of interest is: “Will a small one cylinder motorbike engine need an electronic device for fuel metering or is it possible to use standard carburetors in combination with some smart but simple ideas, to fulfil EU III cold start emission regulations?” The described ideas deal with a novel secondary air supply, an improved cooling system and simple NOx reduction methods, always paying attention to the performance and driveability of the vehicle. After describing the prototype design of the engine modifications, the achievable results with their pros and cons are discussed. Online recorder measurements give interesting emission plots of HC, CO and NOx. The homologation measurement results point out the obtainable values of the limited emissions. Finally, solutions for a marketable mass production can be derived from each tested implementation.