Connected electric vehicles for flexible vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services

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Abstract
In this study, flexible vehicle-to-grid (V2G) coordination schemes are proposed for office buildings equipped with electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. EVs can be connected to electric grid during the rest hours and have a potential to provide V2G or vehicle-to-building (V2B) services such as electric load distributions and demand responses. Especially for smart buildings, the charging stations can be operated efficiently by integrating distributed energy resources (DER) such as Photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). In this scenario, the charging coordination problem can be simplified as the integer linear programming (ILP), by assuming constant-rate charging with known schedules of visiting EVs at the station. Numerical evaluations are conducted with the building's expected daily electricity load, PV generation, and electricity price datasets. Public service buildings are investigated for flexible V2G supports, based on the actual vehicles' in and out patterns of the local office. The proposed coordination scheme shows potential gain of 14.3% of energy cost reduction compared to the first-come first-serve approach, under medium sized smart building scenario integrated with the PV and BESS.