Graphene-interconnected Bi@Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 heterostructures with enhanced electrochemical kinetics and stability for supercapacitors

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Abstract
Despite their high theoretical capacity, Bi-based anodes are plagued by sluggish charge-transfer kinetics and severe structural degradation originating from poor electrical conductivity and repeated volume variation during alloying/dealloying. Herein, a graphene nanoribbon-interconnected Bi@Bi2O2CO3 (B/BOC-GR0.1) heterostructure is designed to simultaneously establish a continuous conductive network and reinforce the heterointerface. The Bi2O2CO3 shell effectively accommodates cyclic strain and stabilizes the electrode architecture, while graphene nanoribbons strengthen interfacial electronic coupling and accelerate electron transport, thereby synergistically promoting reaction kinetics and structural robustness. As a result, B/BOC-GR0.1 delivers 1560 C·g−1 at 1 A·g−1 and retains 795 C·g−1 at 50 A·g−1, greatly surpassing those of Bi anodes (623 C·g−1 at 1 A·g−1, 281 C·g−1 at 50 A·g−1). Moreover, after 5000 cycles at 10 A·g−1, B/BOC-GR0.1 maintains approximately 90% of its initial capacity. The constructed asymmetric supercapacitor achieves an energy density of 70 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 752 W·kg−1, highlighting the potential of the designed heterostructure for advanced electrochemical energy-storage applications.

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