The Development of Ambiguity Processing Is Explained by an Inverted U-Shaped Curve

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Abstract
Understanding the developmental trajectories for recognizing facial expressions is important for a better understanding of development of psychiatric disorders. In this study, we examined the recognition of emotional and neutral facial expressions in 93 typically developing adolescents and adults. The Emotion Intensity Rating task required participants to rate the intensity of emotional expression in happy, neutral, and sad faces on a scale from 1 to 9. A score of ‘5’ had to be assigned to neutral faces, scores between ‘6’ (slightly happy) and ‘9’ (very happy) to happy faces, and scores between ‘4’ (slightly sad) and ‘1’ (very sad) to sad faces. Mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of age and emotion on recognition accuracy, reaction time (RT), and emotional intensity. Participants tended to misjudge neutral faces as sad. Adolescents were less accurate than adults for neutral face recognition. There were significant quadratic effects of age on accuracy (negative quadratic effect) and RT (positive quadratic effect). The most accurate and fastest performance was observed in 25- to 35-year-old subjects. This trajectory may be associated with prefrontal cortex maturation, which provides top–down control over the heightened amygdala response to ambiguity that may be misinterpreted as emotional content.
Funding Information
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH114870, R01MH114881, FP00004146)
  • Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research (R01MH114870, R01MH114881, FP00004146)

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