Nutrient intake, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students in Saudi Arabia

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Abstract
Background: Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. Recurrent episodes are linked to increased morbidity, disability, suicide risk, poorer long-term prognosis, and higher socioeconomic burden. Recent studies suggest associations between depression and intake of certain macro- and micronutrients, such as carbohydrates, fat, Vitamin D, and choline. Aim: This study investigated the association between depression, anxiety, and stress scores and nutrient intake among 273 medical students at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Students completed an online Arabic Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). The sample included 163 (59.7%) women and 110 (40.3%) men. Results: DASS-21 scores indicated that 59% of students had depression, 55% anxiety, and 48% stress. A high body mass index and greater intake of carbohydrates, sugars, and caffeine were significantly associated with higher depression scores. Anxiety was linked to higher sugar and caffeine intake. The high prevalence of depression and stress was correlated with sedentary lifestyles. Conclusion: These findings support incorporating psychological distress screening into student health services to promote healthier lifestyles and overall well-being.

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