Extraction of Suaeda salsa from UAV Imagery Assisted by Adaptive Capture of Contextual Information

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Abstract
Suaeda salsa, a halophytic plant species, exhibits a remarkable salt tolerance and demonstrates a significant phytoremediation potential through its capacity to absorb and accumulate saline ions and heavy metals from soil substrates, thereby contributing to soil quality amelioration. Furthermore, this species serves as a critical habitat component for avifauna populations and represents a keystone species in maintaining ecological stability within estuarine and coastal wetland ecosystems. With the development and maturity of UAV remote sensing technology in recent years, the advantages of using UAV imagery to extract weak targets are becoming more and more obvious. In this paper, for Suaeda salsa, which is a weak target with a sparse distribution and inconspicuous features, relying on the high-resolution and spatial information-rich features of UAV imagery, we establish an adaptive contextual information extraction deep learning semantic segment model (ACI-Unet), which can solve the problem of recognizing Suaeda salsa from high-precision UAV imagery. The precise extraction of Suaeda salsa was completed in the coastal wetland area of Dongying City, Shandong Province, China. This paper achieves the following research results: (1) An Adaptive Context Information Extraction module based on large kernel convolution and an attention mechanism is designed; this module functions as a multi-scale feature extractor without altering the spatial resolution, enabling a seamless integration into diverse network architectures to enhance the context-aware feature representation. (2) The proposed ACI-Unet (Adaptive Context Information U-Net) model achieves a high-precision identification of Suaeda salsa in UAV imagery, demonstrating a robust performance across heterogeneous morphologies, densities, and scales of Suaeda salsa populations. Evaluation metrics including the accuracy, recall, F1 score, and mIou all exceed 90%. (3) Comparative experiments with state-of-the-art semantic segmentation models reveal that our framework significantly improves the extraction accuracy, particularly for low-contrast and diminutive Suaeda salsa targets. The model accurately delineates fine-grained spatial distribution patterns of Suaeda salsa, outperforming existing approaches in capturing ecologically critical structural details.

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