Demand Response Implementation: Overview of Europe and United States Status

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Abstract
The authors review the efforts made in the last five years to implement Demand Response (DR) programs, considering and studying several models and countries. As motivation, climate change has been a topic widely discussed in the last decades, namely in the power and energy sectors. Therefore, it is crucial to substitute non-renewable fuels with more environment-friendly solutions. Enabling Distributed Generation (DG), namely using renewable resources such as wind and solar, can be part of the solution to reduce the greenhouse effects. However, their unpredictable behavior might result in several problems for network management. Therefore, the consumer should become more flexible towards this new paradigm where the generation no longer follows the demand requests. With this, Demand Response (DR) concept is created as part of this solution. This paper studies the European Union and United States’ current status, with over 50 references.
Funding Information
  • FEDER funds (PTDC/EEI-EEE/6277/2020, SFRH/BD/144200/2019, CEECIND/01423/2021, UIDB/00760/2020)
  • national funds (PTDC/EEI-EEE/6277/2020, SFRH/BD/144200/2019, CEECIND/01423/2021, UIDB/00760/2020)
  • GECAD research center (PTDC/EEI-EEE/6277/2020, SFRH/BD/144200/2019, CEECIND/01423/2021, UIDB/00760/2020)

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