Kin Selection: Its Components

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Abstract
Change in gene frequency under kin selection is the sum of two components, namely, Δ̅ q ̅ I , a change in gene frequency caused by individual selection, and Δ q G , a change caused by group selection. For the evolution of altruistic traits by kin selection, Δ̅ q ̅ I is always negative—that is, individual selection operates against altruism—and Δ q G is always positive, so that selection between groups favors altruism. Hamilton's rule specifies the conditions under which Δ q G > |Δ̅ q ̅ I |—that is, the conditions necessary for intergroup selection to override individual selection.

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