Association Between ERG/PTEN Genes and Pathologic Parameters of Prostate Cancer With an Emphasis on Gleason Score: A Literature Review

Authors:
  • TSTheodoros Spinos
    Theodoros Spinos
  • OVOlga Voulgari
    Olga Voulgari
  • DGDimitrios Goutas
    Dimitrios Goutas
  • ALAndreas C. Lazaris
    Andreas C. Lazaris
  • ITIrini Thymara
    Irini Thymara
  • NKNikolaos Kavantzas
    Nikolaos Kavantzas
  • GTGeorgia-Eleni Thomopoulou
    Georgia-Eleni Thomopoulou
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Abstract
Background/Aim: The purpose of this article was to review the association between the ETS-related gene (ERG) and the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) genes with pathologic parameters of prostate cancer, emphasizing on Gleason score. Materials and Methods: We performed a PubMed-based search of the literature emphasizing on articles that use pathological techniques, and especially on those that report the use immunohistochemical staining and FISH to investigate the association between ERG and PTEN mutations with the histopathologic parameters of prostate cancer. Results: ERG expression is frequently marked in patients with prostate cancer, usually due to the occurrence of the TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion. Although some studies reported a potential link between the expression of ERG and Gleason score, there is no strong evidence supporting this finding. On the contrary, there is more solid evidence correlating loss of PTEN expression with worse prognosis and higher Gleason scores. Few studies correlate the over-expression of ERG gene with the loss of PTEN expression. Finally, PTEN and ERG have been studied as potential therapeutic targets, and several promising results have been reported. Conclusion: Although, at some degree, ERG expression seems to be associated with the morphological features of prostate cancer, different studies reported controversial results. However, expression of PTEN is more clearly associated with the pathology and clinical course of the disease. More research is required to elucidate the role of these molecules in the molecular pathology of prostate cancer, as well as their potential use as therapeutic targets.