Changes in Body Size With Age Do Not Follow the Temperature‐Size Rule

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Abstract
Aim: The temperature‐size rule is often described as a reduction in ectothermic asymptotic or maximum body size with warming. Although this coincides with the expectation that faster growth under warming would lead to larger sizes early in life but smaller sizes later in life, there remain few tests of changes in size across ontogeny. Here, we use > 99,000 observations of weight‐at‐age of commercially important fishes over 25 years to ask whether changes in size across ontogeny can be explained by temperature. We also examine whether oxygen, a key part of a proposed mechanism behind the temperature‐size rule, explains patterns of weight‐at‐age better than temperature. Understanding how temperature and oxygen affect size across age offers a test of macroecological theory and can inform the future productivity of fisheries. Location: Bering Sea, largest subarctic system (Latitude: 52° N–66° N, Longitude: 160° E–170° W). Time Period: 1987–2023. Major Taxa Studied: Commercially important fishes. Methods: We coupled fisheries‐independent survey data and climate model output with spatiotemporal generalised linear mixed‐effects models, a novel framework for testing the temperature‐size rule. These models account for uneven sampling across space and time to assess long‐term trends, as well as the effects of temperature and oxygen on size across age. We additionally explore the effect of model structure on our results by comparing functional forms and how spatial and/or spatiotemporal random effects are included. Results: Weight‐at‐age was variable over time for all species with no long‐term trend. Temperature better explained this variability than oxygen, but effects were small and not age‐specific, counter to the temperature‐size rule. Our results were sensitive to model structure as models with shared spatial effects across ages appeared to support temperature‐size rule predictions, but this support reflected spatial autocorrelation in size rather than age‐specific temperature responses. Collectively, this work shows that support for the temperature‐size rule in these fishes was an artifact of spatial patterns in size and growth. Main Conclusions: Our work tests macroecological theory using nearly complete body size trajectories to understand not only changes in adult stages but how size changes across age. We highlight that relationships among size, growth, temperature, and oxygen are not as straightforward as theory suggests and illustrate that modelling decisions can have a large effect on tests of ecological theory, and more broadly, our ability to understand biological responses to climate change.
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Funding Information
  • National Science Foundation (2109411)

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