SFTT: A Spatial-Frequency-Temporal-Based End-to-End Transformer for Heart Rate Estimation

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Abstract
Vision-based Heart Rate (HR) estimation in adverse situations, such as changes in skin tone, arbitrary face movements, and complex backgrounds, etc., is challenging. Unlike state-of-the-art models that use color and spatial-temporal information, the present work exploits a Spatial-Frequency-Temporal Transformer (SFTT) for heart rate estimation. For extracting multi-scale contextual features, we propose an end-to-end transformer that encodes contextual information through a pyramidal structure-based approach. Furthermore, to strengthen the features, the proposed model introduces a new attention approach that performs mutual-sharing operations between spatial-temporal and frequency-temporal domains in an end-to-end fashion. Experimental results on four standard datasets, namely UBFC-rPPG, VIPL-HR, OBF, and MMSE-HR, show that the proposed model is generic and invariant to the aforementioned challenges. Further, a comparative study with the state-of-the-art models demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method over the existing methods on all four benchmark datasets. Besides, experiments on cross-dataset validation show that the proposed method is reliable and robust.
Funding Information
  • Baby Sensor Norway

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