Ionic Nature of a Gemini Surfactant at the Air/Water Interface

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Abstract
The ionic state of adsorbed Gemini surfactant at the air/water interface was investigated by combination of surface potential and surface tension data. The combined model was developed and successfully described the experimental data. The results verified the existence of three ionic states of the Gemini surfactant in the interfacial zone. Furthermore, the model can quantify the adsorbed concentrations of these species. At low concentrations, the fully-dissociated state dominates the adsorption. At high concentrations, the fully-associated state dominates, accounting up to 80%, of the total adsorption. In the middle range, the adsorption is dominated by the partially- associated state, which has a maximum percentage of 80% at 0.5 CMC. The variation in ionic state is a unique characteristic of Gemini surfactants, which can be the underlying mechanism for their advantages over the conventional surfactants.

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