Air Pollution as a Driver of Recurrent Upper-Airway Infections and Comorbid Health Issues

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Abstract
Air pollution represents a critical yet modifiable factor influencing the recurrence and progression of upper-airway infections. This review explores the molecular, immunological, and environmental mechanisms linking airborne pollutants to recurrent sinus and respiratory tract inflammation. Particular focus is placed on pollutant-induced oxidative stress, epithelial barrier disruption, alterations in the microbiome, and immune dysregulation, which collectively heighten disease susceptibility. Integrating recent advances in exposomics, multi-omics, and artificial intelligence, the discussion highlights new approaches to unravel exposure–response pathways and identify predictive biomarkers. Future directions emphasize precision exposure assessment, interventional strategies to improve air quality, and the emerging framework of “clean-air medicine” to guide prevention and policy. Overall, this synthesis underscores the urgent need for multidisciplinary collaboration across environmental science, molecular biology, and clinical research to mitigate the growing burden of pollution-related airway disease and promote sustainable respiratory health.

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