Hyperkalaemia in Heart Failure: Consequences for Outcome and Sequencing of Therapy

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Abstract
Purpose of Review: Heart failure (HF), in conjunction with common comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes and medical therapies such as RAASi, predisposes to hyperkalaemia which may lead to hospitalisation and death. This paper aims to review the most current evidence surrounding the risks and management of hyperkalaemia in HF, with particular focus on recent research into RAASi including novel selective mineralocorticoid receptor blockers and novel potassium binders. Recent Findings: The most recent evidence shows that even moderate hyperkalaemia may predispose to adverse outcomes such as hospitalisation and death. Furthermore, it may prevent patients from receiving optimal medical therapy for HF by reducing prescription of RAASi therapy. Novel potassium binders such as sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) and patiromer present potential options to reduce and prevent hyperkalaemia as well as maintain optimal RAASi dosing in HF. Summary: Management of hyperkalaemia in HF has advanced in recent years. New therapies such as SZC and patiromer are contributing to the management of acute hyperkalaemia and also access to life-saving RAASi therapies by tackling and preventing hyperkalaemia in the community.

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