Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from three widespread tropical sea cucumbers of the genus Holothuria (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea), and cross-amplification among them

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Abstract
Holothuria (Microthele) fuscogilva (Cherbonnier, 1980), Holothuria sp. type “Pentard” and Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka, 1867) are three tropical sea cucumber taxa that are heavily fished worldwide for the beche-de-mer trade market. In order to investigate the population genetic structure, diversity and connectivity of these taxa, 16, 19 and 25 microsatellite loci were isolated from H. fuscogilva, Holothuria sp. type “Pentard” and H. nobilis DNA libraries, respectively. These loci were tested on 94, 60 and eight individuals of the respective species, collected from the Seychelles. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 30. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.245 to 0.890 for H. fuscogilva and from 0.200 to 0.950 for Holothuria sp. type “Pentard”, while the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.231 to 0.952 and from 0.504 to 0.951, respectively. Several loci were at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium was detected in only three pairs of loci. Cross-amplification was also tested and almost all loci (49 over 60) were polymorphic for at least two of the three studied taxa, showing high transferability among them. These loci represent useful tools for assessing genetic diversity and population structure of these three taxa in fishery areas, and therefore providing relevant knowledge for resource management.

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