Partially countering the physiological effects of fentanyl with naloxone or d -cysteine ethyl ester in adult goats

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Abstract
Here we determined whether any of the deleterious physiological effects of high-dose fentanyl could be countered by naloxone and/or d-cysteine ethyl ester (d-CYSee) in adult goats. Fentanyl induced hypoventilation and sustained increases in respiratory and airway muscle activity and hypoxemia. Naloxone reversed all fentanyl effects except tonic muscle activation, and d-CYSee reversed fentanyl-induced hypoventilation. These data suggest some effects of fentanyl are naloxone-insensitive and that d-CYSee may be a valuable countermeasure for OIRD.
Funding Information
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA050571)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL007852)

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