A Year in Review on Tuberculosis and Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria Disease: A 2026 Update for Clinicians and Scientists

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Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, while infections from non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent a growing public health threat. In its 20th year of activity, the Tuberculosis Network European Trials group (TBnet; www.tbnet.eu) is one of the leading research networks in Europe. In this review, we summarize the main advances in TB and NTM that occurred in 2025. Methods: We conducted a non-systematic review of articles published in 2025, with a strong emphasis on research with current or potential impact on clinical practice. We also selected the most impactful papers regarding the management of adult TB, pediatric TB, and NTM infections. Results: Members of the TBnet Steering Committee summarize the main advances in their areas of interest, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, pediatric TB, and NTM infections. We also include a summary of future research priorities. Conclusions: The year 2025 presented many exciting advancements in almost all fields of mycobacterial science. This article provides an expert-based, clinically orientated summary of the main new findings in the TB and NTM fields and aims to provide an updated overview of the state of the art in those areas.

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