Perspective Chapter: Urologic Cancers – Advances and Challenges in Diagnosis and Molecular Targeted Therapy

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Abstract
Urologic cancers represent a heterogeneous collection of malignancies of the urinary and male reproductive tracts, including prostate, bladder, adrenal, ureteral, urethral, penile, testicular, and renal cell cancers. This chapter discusses emerging developments and ongoing hurdles in the diagnosis and molecular targeted treatment of these tumors. Special focus is given to the shortcomings of present-day methodologies, such as suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of available biomarkers and a lack of standardization of liquid biopsy and molecular profiling. In addition, integration of next-generation sequence information in the clinic is hamstrung by the complexity of interpretation and infrastructural requirements. Technological hurdles in artificial intelligence-assisted imaging and pathology make early detection and personalized therapy planning increasingly challenging. By comparing these hurdles with emerging developments, the chapter attempts an overview of present scenarios and future prospects in urologic cancer management.

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