Three-dimensional surface profile intensity correction for spatially modulated imaging

Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the development of noncontact wide-field technologies for quantitative, subsurface functional imaging. For example, fluorescence imaging can now provide surgeons with real-time guidance during surgical procedures^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and has successfully been translated to human trials for breast-cancer sentinel lymph-node mapping,⁶ (Troyan, manuscript in review). Frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM) and fluorescence lifetime imaging have been applied to large fields of view [(FOV), typically $>5\mathrm{cm}$ ]^{7, 8, 9} for normal versus tumor cell delineation through natural chromophore contrast,^{10, 11} or for improved exogenous and endogenous fluorescence signal detection through lifetime contrast.^{12, 13, 14} Recently, spatially modulated light [also known as patterned illumination, structured illumination, modulated imaging (MI)] has been shown to provide depth-resolved maps of optical properties¹⁵ and biochemical components, such as oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, in turbid media.^{16, 17}