Research on the upgrade and maintenance method of apple soluble solids content models

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Abstract
In this paper, 3 years (2020, 2021, and 2022) of Bingtangxin apples were used to study the upgrade and maintenance method of apple soluble solids content (SSC) model using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Modeling by partial least squares (PLS) and one‐dimensional convolutional neural network (1D‐CNN) algorithm. The “base model” is built with apples in 2020 and then upgrade and maintain it. The upgraded model is used to predict the sample in 2021 and 2022. Three methods were used to upgrade and maintenance the model, which are based on updated data, direct correction‐based method, and similar band‐based method. Among the three upgrade methods, the model maintenance method using updated data had the greatest improvement in prediction correlation coefficients (Rp) in both years, and both obtained good predictions. The use of direct correction resulted in the greatest reduction in the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) in both years. However, the Rp of the model is not improved much by using the direct correction method. The model maintenance method using similar bands combined with different modeling methods also gives good prediction results. Finally, after comparison, the model maintenance method of selecting similar bands is preferred. In the case of limited improvement in the effect of using the similar band method, the model is maintained using the method of adding updated data. The investigation of model upgrade and maintenance methods can reduce human and material consumption and make apple SSC models more versatile.Practical applications: NIR technology is the first choice for online fruit quality inspection, but its inspection process requires constant upgrading and maintenance with models. The quality of apples varies from year to year, and the model built with samples from a single year does not work well in predicting samples from other years, resulting in the need to upgrade and maintain the fruit quality detection model. However, sometimes, although a large amount of experimental material is lost, it still results in a generic calibration model that is too cumbersome and leads to poor prediction results. At this time, finding an effective model upgrade and maintenance method can both reduce the sample consumption and make the model prediction accuracy improve, and also reduce the model complexity and make the maintained model more robust.

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