Continuous operation of battery-free implants enables advanced fracture recovery monitoring

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Abstract
Substantial hurdles in achieving a digitally connected body with seamless, chronic, high-fidelity organ interfaces include challenges of sourcing energy and ensuring reliable connectivity. Operation is currently limited by batteries that occupy large volumes. Wireless, battery-free operation is therefore paramount, requiring a system-level solution that enables seamless connection of wearable and implantable devices. Here, we present a technological framework that enables wireless, battery-free implant operation in freely moving subjects, with streaming of high-fidelity information from low-displacement, battery-free implants with little user interaction. This is accomplished using at-distance wirelessly recharged, wearable biosymbiotic devices for powering and communication with fully implantable NFC-enabled implants. We demonstrate this capability with osseosurface electronics that stream bone health insight. Eleven-month-long large animal studies highlight the ability of implants to relay information on bone health without negative impact on the subjects. Clinical translatability is shown through fracture healing studies that demonstrate biomarkers of bone union.

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