Towards Sustainable Leather Production: Monitoring Tannery Effluents and Policy Implications in Kenya

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Abstract
The leather industry is a key driver of economic growth, especially in developing countries where it supports employment and generates substantial export revenues. However, the tanning process produces effluents laden with hazardous pollutants, including chromium species (Cr(VI) and Cr(III)), sulfates, chlorides, and other inorganic compounds that degrade water quality and pose serious health risks. This study investigates the environmental impact of tannery effluents in Kenya by analyzing key physicochemical parameters—such as pH, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, and chromium concentrations—and comparing them against the standards set by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA).Findings reveal elevated levels of pollutants in several samples, indicating potential non-compliance with regulatory thresholds. Notably, certain toxic elements like arsenic and lead are not currently included in the Fourth Schedule of NEMA’s effluent standards for tanneries, suggesting a need for policy revision. The study emphasizes the importance of strengthening environmental regulations and promoting sustainable waste management practices to ensure that Kenya’s leather industry can grow responsibly while safeguarding public health and ecological integrity.