Logical Exploration of Cinnamoyl-Containing Nonribosomal Peptides via Metabologenomic Targeting and Regulator Overexpression

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Abstract
A targeted method for discovering cinnamoyl-containing nonribosomal peptides (CCNPs), a unique class of bioactive compounds, was devised by using cinnamoyl isomerase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the cinnamoyl moiety, as a genome mining probe. A total of 39 hit strains were obtained, including 35 from polymerase chain reaction-based screening of the in-house bacterial library (2.5% of 1400 strains) targeting the cinnamoyl isomerase-encoding gene and 4 from the genome mining of online databases. Sequence similarity networking and phylogenetic analyses of the isomerase amplicons (∼530 bp) classified the CCNPs into three major substructure-based groups (Z-, E-, and M-type CCNPs) and revealed distinct clade-structure relationships (13 clades). To overcome the challenge of silent biosynthetic gene clusters, we activated these clusters by overexpressing conserved cluster-situated LuxR regulators combined with extensive culture optimization. CCNP production was metabolomically detected in the bacterial extracts by using the characteristic UV absorption and MS/MS fragments of cinnamoyl moieties. CCNP production was observed in 20 of the 39 hit strains, resulting in the isolation of 6 new CCNPs, including oxy-skyllamycin B (2), gwanacinnamycin (3), and luxocinnamycins A-D (4-7), with high structural novelty. Their structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and multiple-step chemical derivatizations, and the putative biosynthetic pathways were bioinformatically proposed. Gwanacinnamycin (3) exhibited significant antimycobacterial activity, whereas luxocinnamycin A (4) displayed moderate antiproliferative activity against stomach cancer cells. Our findings highlight a targeted metabologenomic approach combined with transcriptional regulator overexpression as a logical and efficient platform for the discovery of bioactive compounds from nature.
Funding Information
  • National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-00553834, RS-2025-02263193)

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