Piezoelectric poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) microspheres for collagen regeneration and skin rejuvenation

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Abstract
Introduction: Skin aging is an inevitable physiological process driven by factors like cellular senescence, ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation, and environmental pollutants. A key feature is the accelerated collagen degradation in the dermal extracellular matrix, leading to visible signs such as sagging, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation. Traditional fillers, such as hyaluronic acid and collagen-based fillers, offer only temporary volume enhancement without stimulating collagen regeneration. Studies have shown that electrical signals generated by piezoelectric materials can promote tissue regeneration.Methods: This study explored the potential of piezoelectric PHBHHx microspheres as an innovative skin filler for enhancing collagen regeneration and improving maxillofacial aesthetics, with the aid of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation. A comprehensive characterizations of the piezoelectric PHBHHx microspheres were conducted, and their potential to stimulate collagen regeneration was assessed using a subcutaneous injection model in New Zealand white rabbits.Results: The results indicated that PHBHHx microspheres exhibited stable degradation properties, great piezoelectric properties and excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, when stimulated by LIPUS, the collagen-regenerating effect of PHBHHx microspheres was further enhanced, histological analysis revealed a denser and more organized collagen structures in LIPUS-stimulated PHBHHx group.Discussion: These findings highlight the potential of PHBHHx microspheres as an advanced biomaterial for applications in aesthetic medicine, particularly in promoting collagen regeneration and enhancing skin rejuvenation.

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