Molten Chlorides as the Precursors to Modify the Ionic Composition and Properties of LiNbO₃ Single Crystal and Fine Powders

Modifying lithium niobate cation composition improves not only the functional properties of the acousto- and optoelectronic materials as well as ferroelectrics but elevates the protonic transfer in LiNbO₃-based electrolytes of the solid oxide electrochemical devices. Molten chlorides and other thermally stable salts are not considered practically as the precursors to synthesize and modify oxide compounds. This article presents and discusses the results of an experimental study of the full or partial heterovalent substitution of lithium ion in nanosized LiNbO₃ powders and in the surface layer of LiNbO₃ single crystal using molten salt mixtures containing calcium, lead, and rare-earth metals (REM) chlorides as the precursors. The special features of heterovalent ion exchange in chloride melts are revealed such as hetero-epitaxial cation exchange at the interface PbCl₂-containing melt/lithium niobate single crystal; the formation of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\left(1-\mathrm{x}\right)}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{\left(\mathrm{x}/2\right)}{\mathrm{V}}_{\left(\mathrm{x}/2\right)}^{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}}{\mathrm{NbO}}_3$ solid solutions with cation vacancies as an intermediate product of the reaction of heterovalent substitution of lithium ion by calcium in LiNbO₃ powders; the formation of lanthanide orthoniobates with a tetragonal crystal structure such as scheelite as the result of lithium niobate interaction with trichlorides of rare-earth elements. It is shown that the fundamental properties of ion-modifiers (ion radius, nominal charge), temperature, and duration of isothermal treatment determine the products’ chemical composition and the rate of heterovalent substitution of Li⁺-ion in lithium niobate.