Relationships of tristichopterids (osteolepiform lobe-finned fishes) from the Middle–Late Devonian of East Gondwana

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Abstract
Two well-preserved articulated tristichopterids are known from the Canowindra fossil fish locality (Frasnian) in central New South Wales: Mandageria Johanson & Ahlberg, 1997 Johanson, Z. and Ahlberg, P. E. 1997. A new tristichopterid (Osteolepiformes: Sarcopterygii) from the Mandagery Sandstone (Late Devonian, Famennian) near Canowindra, NSW. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 88: 39–68. [Crossref] [Google Scholar] and Cabonnichthys Ahlberg & Johanson, 1997 Johanson, Z. and Ahlberg, P. E. 1997. A new tristichopterid (Osteolepiformes: Sarcopterygii) from the Mandagery Sandstone (Late Devonian, Famennian) near Canowindra, NSW. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 88: 39–68. [Crossref] [Google Scholar] . Two other large tristichopterids are Notorhizodon Young et al., 1992 Young, G. C. , Long, J. A. and Ritchie, A. 1992. Crossopterygian fishes from the Devonian of Antarctica: systematics, relationships and biogeographic significance. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement, 14: 1–77. [Crossref] [Google Scholar] from the Aztec Siltstone fauna of Antarctica (Givetian), and the Famennian Eusthenodon Jarvik, 1952 Jarvik, E. 1952. On the fish-like tail in the ichthyostegid stegocephalians with descriptions of a new stegocephalian and a new crossopterygian from the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. Meddelelser om Gr⊘nland, 114: 1–90. [Google Scholar] , first described from East Greenland and recently identified in eastern Australia. Relationships of the East Gondwana tristichopterids were previously assessed as Notorhizodon [Platycephalichthys [Cabonnichthys [Mandageria [Eusthenodon]]]], with no endemic Gondwanan clade, and more basal tristichopterids (Tristichopterus, Eusthenopteron, Jarvikina) being Northern Hemisphere forms. This suggested that the group may have originated in Laurussia, with advanced tristichopterids later reaching Gondwana (Middle–Late Devonian). Reconsideration of evidence from structure of the palate and scale morphology suggests an alternative phylogeny, with an endemic Gondwanan clade (subfamily Mandageriidae nov.) comprising at least three genera: Cabonnichthys and Mandageria from Canowindra, an undescribed tristichopterid from Eden, NSW, and possibly Notorhizodon from Antarctica. Distinctive isolated scales of ‘mandageriid’ type are illustrated from the Antarctic Aztec Siltstone assemblage and contrasted with typical tristichopterid scales, including new examples illustrated from the Givetian Bunga beds, NSW. Biogeographic implications include a possible Gondwanan origin for tristichopterids.

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