Exploring the Lived Experiences of Individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): A Qualitative Study and Conceptual Model of Signs, Symptoms, and Functional Impacts

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Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to explore the experience of living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to develop a conceptual model for this rare disease. Methods Concept elicitation interviews were conducted (January–September 2024) with people living with ALS (PLwALS; n = 31), caregivers (n = 20), and clinicians (n = 10). Qualitative data were analyzed separately to develop a conceptualization of the experience of living with ALS. Concept saturation was assessed every 5–6 interviews, and a conceptual model was developed. Results The mean age of PLwALS was 42.4 years (standard deviation [SD] 11.5), 81% were female, 84% were white, and 23% had SOD1-ALS. The mean time since diagnosis was 4.6 years (SD 4.2); mean normed Rasch Overall ALS Disability Scale score was 76 (SD 17.16). Signs, symptoms, and functions reported during PLwALS interviews included neuromuscular, bulbar, speech, neurocognitive (e.g., memory issues), and a range of physical functioning issues (e.g., motor coordination). PLwALS also reported impacts on a range of activities and psychosocial interactions (e.g., eating, depressed mood, and relationships), alongside management strategies they employed. Interviews with caregivers and clinicians supported findings from the PLwALS interviews. Caregivers also identified signs such as drooling/excess salivation, and impacts related to ALS management (e.g., need for writing aids). Clinicians additionally considered loss of speech and neurocognitive signs (e.g., behavior/personality change) as ALS clinical manifestations. Concept saturation was reached, and a consolidated, comprehensive conceptual model was developed. Conclusion This research provides a holistic understanding of the experience of living with ALS and is the first conceptual model based on in-depth concept elicitation interviews. The findings highlight the range of signs, symptoms, and impacts that PLwALS experience, emphasizing its serious humanistic impact and high unmet need, and will help to guide patient-centric evaluation of clinical outcome assessments in future ALS studies.
Funding Information
  • Regeneron Pharmaceuticals

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