Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Pyrene- and Anthracene-Functionalized Ligands—Photophysics and Application Potential in Photocatalysis, Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion, Photodynamic Therapy, and Photoactivated Chemotherapy

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Abstract
Transition metal complexes that can serve as photosensitizers (PSs) have attracted considerable scientific interest owing to their potential applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT), triplet-triplet annihilation for energy upconversion (TTA UC), photocatalysis, and time-resolved bioimaging techniques. In many of these applications, the efficiency of intermolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) between the photosensitizer and acceptor is largely determined by the triplet excited-state lifetime of the photosensitizer. One of the most efficient strategies for extending the triplet lifetimes of transition metal complexes is the incorporation of organic chromophores possessing long-lived intraligand (3IL) excited states into the coordination sphere of transition metal complexes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly anthracene- and pyrene-based chromophores, have emerged as especially attractive building blocks for this purpose. The current contribution highlights the role of pyrene and anthracene groups in controlling the photophysical properties of cyclometalated iridium(III) metal complexes, with an emphasis on their applications as photosensitizers. Particular attention is devoted to elucidating the relationships between molecular structure and excited-state properties. A detailed discussion of these relationships has been performed for three classes of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes: (1) charge-neutral Ir(III) complexes including pyrene and anthracene motifs, (2) cationic bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes bearing pyrene-functionalized ligands, and (3) cationic mono- and bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes bearing anthracene-functionalized ligands.
Funding Information
  • Narodowym Centrum Nauki (2024/55/D/ST4/00339)
  • Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej (BPI/STE/2023/1/00012/U/00001)
  • Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach (The Research Excellence Initiative of the University of Silesia in Katowice)

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