Nested PCR using thick blood smears as source of Plasmodium DNA: an alternative to study archival blood films

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Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate a protocol of nested PCR using archival Giemsa-stained thick blood smears (GTS)as source of Plasmodium DNA. A total of 138 GTS from patients of five municipalities from Pará State (Amazon Region, Brazil) was included in this survey. These samples were classified in three groups (group 1: 85 Plasmodium positive and negative GTS stored in plastic box during five years; group 2: 28 Plasmodium positive and negative GTS stored in wooden box during 10 years; and group 3: 25 Trypanosoma cruzi GTS negative for Plasmodium stored in plastic box during a month) and were submitted to DNA extraction with Chelex-100. Subsequently, extracted DNA samples were quantified and the integrity was verified by electrophoresis. Nested PCR protocol was performed to detect Plasmodium species. The results of nested PCR were compared to microscopy and statistic parameters were calculated by screening test. DNA samples from all groups had acceptable quantity and purity level, but the evaluation of integrity showed 19 degraded samples from group 2. By nested PCR, this group showed very low sensitivity (29.63%) and accuracy (32.14%), while nested PCR for samples from group 1 showed 100% of sensitivity and 97.65% of accuracy. The results of this research showed that samples stored until five years can be useful as Plasmodium DNA source for nested PCR to identify Plasmodium species, being an important alternative to support retrospective studies.