Assessing the performance of real-time epidemic forecasts: A case study of Ebola in the Western Area region of Sierra Leone, 2014-15

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Abstract
Real-time forecasts based on mathematical models can inform critical decision-making during infectious disease outbreaks. Yet, epidemic forecasts are rarely evaluated during or after the event, and there is little guidance on the best metrics for assessment. Here, we propose an evaluation approach that disentangles different components of forecasting ability using metrics that separately assess the calibration, sharpness and bias of forecasts. This makes it possible to assess not just how close a forecast was to reality but also how well uncertainty has been quantified. We used this approach to analyse the performance of weekly forecasts we generated in real time for Western Area, Sierra Leone, during the 2013–16 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. We investigated a range of forecast model variants based on the model fits generated at the time with a semi-mechanistic model, and found that good probabilistic calibration was achievable at short time horizons of one or two weeks ahead but model predictions were increasingly unreliable at longer forecasting horizons. This suggests that forecasts may have been of good enough quality to inform decision making based on predictions a few weeks ahead of time but not longer, reflecting the high level of uncertainty in the processes driving the trajectory of the epidemic. Comparing forecasts based on the semi-mechanistic model to simpler null models showed that the best semi-mechanistic model variant performed better than the null models with respect to probabilistic calibration, and that this would have been identified from the earliest stages of the outbreak. As forecasts become a routine part of the toolkit in public health, standards for evaluation of performance will be important for assessing quality and improving credibility of mathematical models, and for elucidating difficulties and trade-offs when aiming to make the most useful and reliable forecasts. During epidemics, reliable forecasts can help allocate resources effectively to combat the disease. Various types of mathematical models can be used to make such forecasts. In order to assess how good the forecasts are, they need to be compared to what really happened. Here, we describe different approaches to assessing how good forecasts were that we made with mathematical models during the 2013–16 West African Ebola epidemic, focusing on one particularly affected area of Sierra Leone. We found that, using the type of models we used, it was possible to reliably predict the epidemic for a maximum of one or two weeks ahead, but no longer. Comparing different versions of our model to simpler models, we further found that it would have been possible to determine the model that was most reliable at making forecasts from early on in the epidemic. This suggests that there is value in assessing forecasts, and that it should be possible to improve forecasts by checking how good they are during an ongoing epidemic.
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Funding Information
  • Medical Research Council (MR/K021680/1)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/J01432X/1)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/K021524/1)
  • Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (13165)
  • Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 (115854)
  • Royal Society
  • Wellcome Trust (210758/Z/18/Z)

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