Comparison of Immunogenicity of Alum and MF59-Like Adjuvant Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Elderly Mice

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Abstract
The constant emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) challenges the effectiveness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines over time. This is most concerning in clinically vulnerable groups, such as older adults. This study aimed to determine whether the novel adjuvant MF59-like adjuvant can improve cross-immunity against VOCs in aged animals. We compared the humoral and cellular immune responses of Alum and MF59-like adjuvant-formulated inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines against prototype and SARS-CoV-2 variants in 18-month-old mice. Our results showed that two doses of the MF59-like adjuvant inactivated vaccines induced more robust binding and pseudo-neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) against the SARS-CoV-2 prototype and VOCs compared to the Alum-adjuvant and reduced Omicron variant escapes from Nabs in aged mice. The humoral immune responses of inactivated vaccines were much lower against VOCs than the prototype with or without adjuvants; however, T cell responses against VOCs were not affected. In addition, Alum and MF59-like adjuvanted vaccines induced Th1-biased immune responses with increased interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-2 secreting cells, and hardly detectable IL-4 and IL-5. Furthermore, the MF59-like adjuvant vaccine produced 1.9–2.0 times higher cross-reactive T cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 prototype and VOCs than the Alum adjuvant. Therefore, our data have important implications for vaccine adjuvant strategies against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in older adults.

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