A Comparison of the Influence of Vegetation Cover on the Precision of an UAV 3D Model and Ground Measurement Data for Archaeological Investigations: A Case Study of the Lepelionys Mound, Middle Lithuania

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Abstract
The aim of this research was to conduct a comparative analysis of the precision of ground geodetic data versus the three-dimensional (3D) measurements from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), while establishing the impact of herbaceous vegetation on the UAV 3D model. Low (up to 0.5 m high) herbaceous vegetation can impede the establishment of the anthropogenic roughness of the surface. The identification of minor surface alterations, which enables the determination of their anthropogenic origin, is of utmost importance in archaeological investigations. Vegetation cover is regarded as one of the factors influencing the identification of such minor forms of relief. The research was conducted on the Lepelionys Mound (Prienai District Municipality, Lithuania). Ground measurements were obtained using Trimble GPS, and UAV “Inspire 1” was used for taking aerial photographs. Following the data from the ground measurements and aerial photographs, large scale surface maps were drawn and the errors in the measurement of the position of the isolines were compared. The results showed that the largest errors in the positional measurements of fixed objects were conditioned by the height of grass. Grass with a height of up to 0.1 m resulted in discrepancies of up to 0.5 m, whereas grass that was up to 0.5 m high led to discrepancies up to 1.3 m high.

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