When Empathy Gets Tough: Neural Responses to Conflicting Self- and Partner-Directed Feedback in a Novel Paradigm

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Abstract
Empathy lies at the core of human social interactions, particularly in the intimate relationships that shape our wellbeing and mental health. While existing laboratory tasks can successfully elicit empathy, few are designed to capture empathy in an interpersonal context—especially contexts that require individuals to simultaneously process social information directed toward both the self and a romantic partner. For example, how do people respond to a partner’s good news when also handing negative feedback directed at the self? In this study, a sample of 131 adults (from 71 romantic couples) completed a neuroimaging paradigm that manipulated whether partner-directed feedback is presented alone or alongside concurrent affectively salient self-directed feedback. The partner-alone feedback contrasts (partner-directed feedback alone versus a neutral condition) robustly engaged brain regions frequently associated with empathic responding, including dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction. Notably, during the incongruent feedback contrasts—simultaneous conflicting self- and partner-directed feedback compared to self-directed feedback only— participants exhibited diminished affective and brain responses but evidenced unique brain activity in frontoparietal areas (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supramarginal gyrus). Furthermore, when responding to positive partner-directed feedback in the presence of negative self-directed feedback, enhanced activity the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, was associated with lower self-reported difficulties in emotion regulation and more partner-rated support provision in everyday life as assed with daily diaries. Taken together, these findings point to the importance of emotion regulation in the spontaneous responses during challenging interpersonal contexts and demonstrate that such responses are associated with support provision in real-world contexts.