Generation of vertical gravity gradient fields and gravitational acceleration through the motion of large masses

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Abstract
Gravity gradiometers hold substantial value across various domains, including scientific research, and resource exploration. Currently, the performance metrics of these instruments predominantly depend on self-calibration conducted by their respective development entities, and the calibration procedures lack standardized protocols. To facilitate standardized testing, calibration, and verification of gravity gradiometers operating under diverse principles, this study proposes a vertical gravity gradient modulation method grounded in Newtonian gravitation. The proposed model features two large, vertically aligned, fixed-position masses with the gravity gradiometer positioned between them. As the sensor undergoes vertical displacement, its relative position to the masses changes, thereby modulating the vertical gravity gradient at the device’s sensitive point. The simulation results indicate that the adoption of two tungsten-molybdenum alloy masses with an individual weight of 2125 kg, which are vertically arranged on the lateral sides of the sensing device at a distance of 1 m, enables the modulation range to exceed 260.0 E with a resolution finer than 1.0 E. This high-performance modulation model offers a well-characterized gravity gradient field for gradiometer calibration, featuring a wide dynamic range and high resolution—capabilities essential for advancing instrument standardization and precision assessment. Moreover, the model enables modulation of gravitational acceleration at the sensor’s sensitive point, achieving a vertical gravitational acceleration modulation range exceeding 10 μGal and a resolution better than 0.1 μGal. These characteristics meet the calibration requirements for absolute gravimeters.
Funding Information
  • Science and Technology on Metrology and Calibration Laboratory (JLJK2024001B003)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for National Institute of Metrology, China (AKYZZ2302)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for National Institute of Metrology, China (AKYZZ2403)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for National Institute of Metrology, China (AKYZZ2501)
  • Central-to-Local Science and Technology Development Special Project in Hubei Province (2025CFC006)