AP-1–Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of NADPH Oxidase in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

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Abstract
Objective— NADPH oxidase (NADPHox) is the major source of reactive oxygen species in vascular diseases; the mechanisms of enzyme activation are not completely elucidated. AP-1 controls the expression of many genes linked to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) dysfunction. In this study we searched for the role of AP-1 in the regulation of NADPHox expression and function in human aortic SMCs exposed to proinflammatory conditions. Methods and Results— Cultured SMCs were exposed to either angiotensin II (Ang II) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that AP-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors reduced both Ang II or TNF-α-dependent upregulation of NADPHox activity and mRNA expression (NOX1, NOX4, p67 phox , p47 phox , p22 phox ). Inhibitors of AP-1 significantly diminished the Ang II or TNF-α-stimulated p22 phox promoter activity and protein level. Transient overexpression of c-Jun/c-Fos upregulated p22 phox promoter activity. Transcription factor pull-down assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated the physical interaction of c-Jun protein with predicted AP-1–binding sites in the p22 phox gene promoter. Conclusions— In SMCs exposed to Ang II or TNF-α, inhibition of AP-1–related pathways reduces NADPHox expression and the O 2 − production. The physical interaction of AP-1 with p22 phox gene promoter facilitates NADPHox regulation.

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