Synthesis of Phthalideisoquinoline and Protoberberine Alkaloids and Indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines in a Divergent Route Involving Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Carbonylation1

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Abstract
6,7,3‘,4‘-Alkoxy-substituted 1-(2‘-bromobenzoyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline methiodides 17 were treated with sodium borohydride in methanol or acetic acid to give erythro-1-(2‘-bromo-α-hydroxybenzyl)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines 19. Treatment of 17 with lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran gave the threo-isomer 20 in preference to the erythro19. On the basis of studies on palladium(0)-catalyzed carbonylation of 2-bromo-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol to 6,7-dimethoxyphthalide, amino alcohol 19 or 20 was treated with a catalytic amount of palladium(II) acetate and triphenylphosphine in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane and potassium carbonate in boiling toluene to give the corresponding erythro- or threo-types of phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids 1 or 2, respectively. One-pot cyclization of the erythro-amino alcohols 19 was achieved by heating in N,N-dimethylformamide containing potassium carbonate to give 2,3,8,9- or 2,3,9,10-alkoxy-substituted 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines 3, which have a unique tetracyclic skeleton characteristic of dibenzopyrrocoline alkaloids. Similarly, palladium(0)-catalyzed carbonylation of 1-(2‘-bromobenzyl)tetrahydroisoquinolines 21 in the presence of excess potassium carbonate was found to give 8-oxoberbines 22, which on reduction with lithium aluminum hydride can be converted to protoberberine alkaloids 4.

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