Shadowing-fading-based intersection geographic opportunistic routing protocol for urban VANETs

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Abstract
In vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) in urban environments, the presence of many obstacles causes shadowing and interference with radio wave propagation. Despite this, most of the existing opportunistic routing protocols do not consider shadowing in their simulations. In this study, we propose a new opportunistic routing protocol that minimizes the effect of shadowing by actively selecting street intersection nodes as relay nodes. Additionally, we propose a new opportunistic recovery strategy when the local optimum situation occurs. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the packet delivery ratio and overhead.