From Colonialism to Ultranationalism: History and Development of Career Counseling in Malaysia

Authors:
  • HSHemla Singaravelu
    Hemla Singaravelu
  • TBTammy Bringaze
    Tammy Bringaze
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Abstract
This article documents the development of career counseling in Malaysia from 1957—when the British colonizers departed—to 2000. Although counseling, psychology, and psychiatry had their roots in mental health and medical environments, career counseling had its origins in the system of schooling and has now spread widely to business and industry. This article presents information on the historic and economic context of the development of career counseling, an exploration of the educational system from which career counseling was born, the cultural elements that have formed career counseling in the Malaysian context, and the application of M. Pope's (1995, 2000) stage development model to the development of career counseling in the Malaysian context.

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