Mutational Analysis in Pediatric Thyroid Cancer and Correlations with Age, Ethnicity, and Clinical Presentation

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Abstract
Background: Well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) incidence in pediatrics is rising, most being papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of different mutations in pediatric WDTC and correlate the genotype with the clinical phenotype. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study. Thyroid tissue blocks from 42 consecutive pediatric WDTC patients who underwent thyroidectomy between 2001 and 2013 were analyzed at Quest Diagnostics for BRAF V600E , RAS mutations ( N,K,H ), and RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements, using validated molecular methods. Thyroid carcinomas included PTC, follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC). Results: Thirty-nine samples (29 females) were genotyped. The mean age at diagnosis was 14.7 years (range 7.9–18.4 years), and most were Hispanic (56.4%) or Caucasian (35.9%). The mean follow-up period was 2.9 years. Mutations were noted in 21/39 (53.8%), with both BRAF V600E ( n = 9), and RET/PTC ( n = 6) detected only in PTC. Mutations were detected in 2/5 FTC ( PAX8/PPARγ and NRAS ) and 3/6 FVPTC cases ( PAX8/PPARγ ). Of 28 PTC patients, 57.1% had mutations: 32.1% with BRAF V600E , 21.4% with RET/PTC , and 3.6% with NRAS . Of patients with BRAF V600E , 77.8% were Hispanic and 88.9% were >15 years, while all RET/PTC -positive patients were ≤15 years ( p = 0.003). Tumor size, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis at diagnosis (or soon after 131 I ablation) did not vary significantly based on the mutation. Conclusions: BRAF V600E was the most common mutation, especially in older and Hispanic adolescents. A larger, ethnically diverse pediatric cohort followed long term will enable the genotypic variability, clinical presentation, and response to therapy to be better assessed.

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