Changes in the internal genitalia of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) during sexual maturation under a coffee pulp-based diet

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Abstract
The global expansion of Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L.), production systems for organic waste management has increased the need to better understand its reproductive biology in order to optimize mass-rearing programs. In this study, we macroscopically characterized chronological morphological changes in the internal genitalia of adult H. illucens reared on a sustainable alternative larval diet based on coffee pulp and corn bran. Morphological assessments and dissections were conducted on female and male reproductive tracts at 3, 6, and 9 days after adult emergence. Overall, the general organization of both reproductive systems was consistent with previous descriptions. A notable observation was the presence of a tripartite fertilization chamber in females, composed of three distinct compartments apparently associated with the three spermathecae. The functional significance of this anatomical organization remains to be determined. Females showed progressively advanced ovarian development and reached the clearest morphological indicators of reproductive maturity at 9 days, while males showed the greatest testicular distention and opacity at the same age. Compared with maturation times reported in previous studies using conventional larval diets, these observations suggest a later pattern of reproductive maturation under the coffee pulp-based diet. The observed differences may be associated with the nutritional composition and carbohydrate-to-protein balance of the larval diet. These results provide chronological and iconographic information that may contribute to the optimization of laboratory rearing protocols and the use of coffee by-products in H. illucens bioconversion systems.

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