Surface Emission Properties of Strongly Magnetic Neutron Stars

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Abstract
We construct radiative equilibrium models for strongly magnetized (B > 10^13 G) neutron-star atmospheres taking into account magnetic free-free absorption and scattering processes computed for two polarization modes. We include the effects of vacuum polarization in our calculations. We present temperature profiles and the angle-, photon energy-, and polarization-dependent emerging intensity for a range of magnetic field strengths and effective temperatures of the atmospheres. We find that for B < 10^14 G, the emerging spectra are bluer than the blackbody corresponding to the effective temperature, T_eff, with modified Planckian shapes due to the photon-energy dependence of the magnetic opacities. However, vacuum polarization significantly modifies the spectra for B~10^15 G, giving rise to power-law tails at high photon energies. The angle-dependence (beaming) of the emerging intensity has two maxima: a narrow (pencil) peak at small angles (<5 degrees) with respect to the normal and a broad maximum (fan beam) at intermediate angles (~20-60 degrees). The relative importance and the opening angle of the radial beam decreases strongly with increasing magnetic field strength and decreasing photon energy. We finally compute a T_eff-T_c relation for our models, where T_c is the local color temperature of the spectrum emerging from the neutron star surface, and find that T_c/T_eff ranges between 1.1-1.8. We discuss the implications of our results for various thermally emitting neutron star models.Comment: 30 pages, 10 color figures, ApJ in pres

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