Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosemary (Salvia Ros-Marinus) Extracts Modified with Pseudomonas shirazensis Na-Noparticles

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Abstract
Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) is renowned for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic properties, largely attributed to its rich phytochemical profile. This study evaluates the potential of metabolites from Pseudomonas shirazensis NFV3 formu-lated in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance the bioactivity of rosemary extracts on postharvest application. Rosemary stems were treated with AgNPs coated with bacterial metabolites (NP), bacterial cells or metabolites (LM) and extracts’ phytochemical com-position and bioactivities were assessed. HPLC and HPLC-MS analyses revealed that NP treatment induced significant metabolic remodeling, particularly upregulating rosma-rinic acid and selected triterpenes (ursolic and betulinic acids), while reducing carnosic acid levels. NP-treated extracts exhibited significantly enhanced inhibition of cyclooxy-genase (COX-1 and COX-2), indicating improved anti-inflammatory potential. α-Glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) were not substantially altered, suggesting selective enhancement of pharmacological functions. These findings demonstrate that nanoparticle-based elicitation selectively remodels secondary metabo-lism in rosemary, improving extract quality and bioactivity. This strategy offers a novel, sustainable tool for optimizing plant-based therapeutics in the phytopharmaceutical industry.

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