A Modern Dilemma for Chemistry and Civic Responsibility: The Tragic Life of Clara Immerwahr

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Abstract
Clara Immerwahr was a talented chemist born at the end of the 19th century. In 1900, she received the first doctorate in chemistry awarded to a woman candidate at Breslau University, Germany. She married Nobel Laureate Fritz Haber and vehemently opposed his well‐known work on chemical warfare during WWI. Popular works, including theater and documentary film, dramatize her dilemma in a way that can catalyze meaningful discussion in college‐level chemistry courses on scientists' ethical and civic responsibilities. This paper surveys her life, accomplishments in chemistry, and her legacy.

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