T‐Communities: Pedestrian Street Networks and Residential Segregation in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

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Abstract
In this article, I build on Grannis' (1998) analysis and examine the entire metropolitan regions of the three most populous U.S. Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs). I find that t‐communities, communities defined by their internal access via pedestrian streets, powerfully account for the racial patterning of households in all three metropolitan areas. Racial variation occurs between t‐communities not within them, even when both distances between block groups or, in the case of households with children, racial variation between elementary schools is accounted for. While Grannis (1998) examined how similar t‐communities connected by pedestrian streets were to each other, this study examines how internally homogeneous t‐communities themselves are. Further, this study's analysis of households with children finds that they have settled in such a way as to assure a racially homogeneous t‐community more than a racially homogeneous school. By analyzing the entire metropolitan areas of PMSAs in different regions, this study also discovered very large t‐communities, hundreds of times larger than a typical t‐community, in which pedestrian streets no longer have an important influence.

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