An energy-aware optimisation model to minimise energy consumption and carbon footprint in a flexible manufacturing system

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Abstract
This paper proposes an energy-aware production schedule model for flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) that aims to minimise energy costs and carbon tax while considering rising energy costs and environmental policies motivated by climate change concerns. The model is based on a sequence-dependent five-machine FMS scheduling problem, which is flexible in levels of parts, tools, machines, and routings. The proposed model is solved as a multi-objective problem, with tardiness and energy consumption as primary goals and carbon footprint reduction policies incorporated into the framework as control strategies. The machine ON/OFF strategy is also introduced to reduce idle energy. The study analyses the trade-off between minimising tardiness and carbon emissions to achieve both service level and environmental sustainability of the FMS. The proposed model reduced total energy consumption and carbon emissions by 20% and 21%, respectively, without compromising manufacturing deadlines. Future research may explore the integration of renewable energy sources and storage systems, considering more complex manufacturing scenarios, such as stochastic demands, machine failures, and workforce constraints. Graphical abstract

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