Biochemical variations in patients with renal failure: A comparative study

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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by declining kidney function, ranging from mild damage to end‑stage renal disease. Its prevalence globally is estimated to be between 8 and 16%, with higher rates occurring in low‑ and middle‑income regions. Underlying factors include diabetes, hypertension and genetic predisposition. The multifactorial nature of CKD is influenced by genetics, renal function monitoring, anemia, electrolyte imbalances and other risk factors. The present study collected 465 samples from subjects aged 18‑65 years for a case‑control study. These included 219 patients with CKD (101 females and 118 males; mean ages, 46.56 and 46.84 years, respectively) and 246 healthy individuals (131 women and 115 men; mean ages, 37.16 and 41.23 years, respectively). Whole blood was drawn for serum analysis for the purpose of comparing various biochemical parameters between patients with CKD and the healthy subjects, including total protein, albumin, ferritin, unsaturated iron binding capacity, iron, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, glucose, urea, serum creatinine, total calcium, free calcium, sodium, potassium, 8‑hydroxy‑2'‑deoxyguanosine (8‑OHdG) and phosphorus. The results obtained revealed a significant association between age and the occurrence of CKD (P<0.001), as well as between body mass index and the likelihood of developing CKD (P=0.031), indicating a connection between obesity and CKD. Biochemical analysis revealed disparities in several markers among patients with CKD, including glucose, urea, serum creatinine, iron, liver enzymes (ALP, AST and ALT), phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and 8‑OHdG (P<0.05). However, no notable differences in terms of sex were observed when comparing each sex group separately for the patients and controls. On the whole, the present study underscores the multifactorial nature of CKD, and its significant association with age. The 8‑OHdG oxidative stress marker demonstrated potential in terms of distinguishing between CKD and healthy subjects. Further research is required, however, to explore additional CKD factors and to develop interventions for at‑risk populations.

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