Sex differences in the physiological and perceptual responses to face masks during exercise

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Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, numerous studies evaluated the effects of face masks on the physiological and perceptual responses to exercise. However, the symptoms of breathlessness and associated physiological mechanisms were largely neglected. In addition, our understanding of whether face masks affected males and females differently was particularly limited. We found that sex-specific physiological responses can guide exercise and face mask strategies to improve comfort and performance for individuals engaging in prolonged, intense workouts.

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