The introduction of artificial structures on marine soft- and hard-bottoms: ecological implications of epibiota

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Abstract
Artificial structures, such as seawalls, breakwaters, jetties, pontoons and pier pilings are becoming ubiquitous features of landscape in shallow coastal waters of urbanized areas. Nonetheless, few published studies have focused on their ecology and little effort has been devoted to determine how the various objectives (economic, social and ecological) involved in their introduction into natural systems can be reconciled.